VEGFA and neoplasm: Importantly, M2d macrophages—also referred to as tumor-associated macrophages with an “angiogenic” phenotype—are particularly relevant to OSCC because they release high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP−9 and MMP−2) (45–47).