Infants with NEC exhibit elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1/CCL2, and MIP-1β/CCL3, along with decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-2 (63). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is necrotizing enterocolitis.