TLR4 and breast cancer: This interaction alters the actin cytoskeleton, enhances host cell resistance to fluid shear stress, and promotes breast cancer lung metastasis.61 Similarly, outer membrane vesicles from Fusobacterium nucleatum alter EMT-related protein levels and activate intracellular autophagy pathways, thereby promoting lung metastasis in tumor-bearing mice.62 Small extracellular vesicles derived from Fusobacterium nucleatum also drive tumor growth and metastasis through TLR4 signaling.63