The intricate crosstalk between the intratumoral microbiota and host signaling pathways underscores its role as a key modulator of breast cancer biology.51 Targeting these specific microbial-pathway axes, for instance, using small molecule inhibitors against TLR4 or FadA, or modulating microbial enzyme activity, presents a promising frontier for developing novel combination therapies to overcome drug resistance and improve patient outcomes. Here, TLR4 is linked to breast carcinoma.