LTA and Hepatic fibrosis: Lower levels of hepatic fibrosis found in CCl4- and TAA-injected Bsep-/- mice might be a result of both direct antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory effects of THBA because proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as Tnfβ, IL1β, and Tgfβ secreted from activated macrophages, are known to activate HSCs.26