Likewise, transcriptional profiling of over 700 immune- and cancer-related genes revealed a robust inflammatory signature during colitis and recovery, including induction of cytokines (e.g., Tnf, Cxcl1, Ccl2), innate immune receptors (e.g., Tlr2, Il1r1), and barrier-associated transcripts (e.g., Icam and Vcam), but these responses were not suppressed by cocoa supplementation. Here, IL1R1 is linked to cancer.