TNF and neoplasm: In both doxorubicin-bearing tumor mice and cisplatin injury, active vitamin D or analogs attenuated NF-κB activation, reduced pro-inflammatory mediators such as MCP-1 and TNF-α and downregulated NF-κB, thereby curbing leukocyte infiltration and cytokine amplification; in silico docking further suggested direct interference with MCP-1 [103,104].