Aronis et al. observed no significant changes in TNF-α levels following a short-term (4-day) walnut-enriched diet (48 g/day) in individuals with metabolic syndrome (p > 0.05) [54], while Chiang et al. did not notice a significant effect from a walnut diet on TNF-α levels in normal to mildly hyperlipidemic individuals over a 4-week period (p > 0.05) [51]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is metabolic syndrome.