Dicarbonyl compounds such MGO, GO, and 3-DG are critical precursors in AGE formation and known contributors to diabetic complications, including inflammation via increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1, endothelial dysfunction, nephropathy, and neuropathy [66,74,75,76,77,78,79]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and endothelial dysfunction.