Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, exhibit neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory effects, ameliorate oxidative stress, and enhance mitochondrial function, collectively contributing to the antidepressant-like effects observed in preclinical studies. The gene discussed is GLP1R; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.