Insulin-derived indices: Calculated biomarkers such as secretory capacity of pancreatic β-cells (SPINA-GBeta) (a computational estimate of maximal β-cell insulin output) outperform homeostatic model assessment of β-cells function (HOMA-Beta) in estimating beta-cell function and may provide additional insight into early GDM pathophysiology [77]. Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.