VDAC1 and Parkinson disease: Moreover, non-selective voltage-gated ion channel VDAC1 (VDAC1), a mitochondrial membrane protein regulating metabolism and apoptosis, is upregulated in both neurodegeneration and many cancers but exhibits contrasting roles: pro-apoptotic interactions with misfolded proteins in AD and PD versus apoptosis suppression in malignancies [165,166].