PTGS2 and Parkinson disease: We have previously noted that a number of 1,4-naphthoquinones, including ethylspinasarin (U-573), are capable of protecting neuronal and macrophage cells from the toxic effects of PD inducers such as Rot, PQ, and 6-OHDA, reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1β, notably inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and restoring mitochondrial membrane potential [26,28].