TGFB1 and neoplasm: M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, to inhibit tumor growth, whereas M2-like TAMs produce immunosuppressive factors, including transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), and play crucial roles in promoting tumor metastasis, invasion and drug resistance [10,38].