Published studies showed that both IL-12 and GM-CSF stimulate potent anti-tumor responses: IL-12 activates IFN-γ production in NK, CD4+, and CD8+ T lymphocytes and induces T-helper 1 (Th1) differentiation [43,44,45,46], while GM-CSF promotes the maturation and activation of cross-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) [47]. Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.