CASP3 and age-related macular degeneration: Our in vitro study investigated the hormetic effects of curcumin in human RPE cells (ARPE-19), focusing on its capability to modulate two enzymes related to the onset of AMD: Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a NAD+-dependent deacetylase enzyme involved in cellular metabolism, aging, and stress response, and caspase-3, a crucial enzyme in programmed cell death.