IL1B and Alzheimer disease: Despite the relevance of BBB dysfunction in neuroinflammation, there are no studies investigating the direct effect of α-Klotho on the cerebral vasculature, However, there is evidence that exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from AD patients exposed to α-Klotho reduces plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α [107], suggesting that increased peripheral α-Klotho may decrease the effects of peripheral inflammation and thereby reduce BBB damage and neuroinflammation.