Among the pro-inflammatory cytokines released by dysfunctional adipose tissue and infiltrating macrophages in obesity, recent research has identified specific inflammatory markers, such as IL-1β and IL-18, that exhibit stronger associations with visceral adiposity and metabolic syndrome components than conventional markers like TNF-α and IL-6 [136]. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.