VEGFA and lung cancer: While previous studies mainly assessed the broad-spectrum cytotoxicity of Mandragora autumnalis extracts from flowers, fruits, whole plants, or crude leaf preparations against a variety of cancer cell lines, including hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer (MCF-7), lung cancer (A549), colon cancer (HCT-116), and murine mammary sarcoma (EMT6/p), these earlier studies primarily concentrated on general antiproliferative activity and reported results like decreased VEGF expression, low cytotoxicity toward normal cells, and tumor size reduction in animal models [19,43].