CERK and familial pancreatic carcinoma: Subsequent studies showed that both CerK and extracellular C1P stimulated human pancreatic cancer cell migration and invasion, actions that involved activation of various cell signaling pathways, including MEK/ERK1-2, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MCP-1 release, and upregulation of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 [68,69,70].