Although several factors may influence immune responses in rural children, the apparent dissociation of high systemic type 2 markers (IgE, eosinophils, IL-5) but the lowest FeNO can be explained; first by helminth infections that favour local lung regulatory mechanisms [67] and downregulation of the IL-4/IL-13 pathway [68,69] and thereby iNOS, together with protozoa coinfections that boost type 1 and type 17 responses. Here, IL4 is linked to helminthiasis.