TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Taken together, these pharmacological effects position bromelain as a compound with potential to counteract obesity-associated low-grade inflammation by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) [66], supporting antioxidant defense mechanisms [66], and modulating gut-derived inflammatory triggers such as LPS [51,52,67]