VEGFA and infectious otitis media: In an rat model of AOM-induced colon carcinogenesis, a pterostilbene-enriched diet resulted in reduced aberrant crypt foci, decreased transcriptional activation of COX-2 and iNOS, inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) phosphorylation, suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and downregulation of cyclin D1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and activation of Ras, PI3K/PKB, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways [160].