TGFBR1 and Perrault syndrome: Of these, Fcer1g encodes the γ chain of the high-affinity IgE receptor, integral to immune signaling [26]; Lars2 mutations are implicated in Perrault syndrome–associated hearing loss, likely through neural developmental deficits rather than direct cochlear pathology [27]; CUEDC1 suppresses epithelial–mesenchymal transition via the TβRI/Smad pathway and inhibits tumor progression in non-small cell lung cancer [28].