HIF1A and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: As shown in the study by Seo et al. [26], chronic adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity, exacerbated by mitochondrial dysfunction through increased ANT2 (adenine nucleotide translocase 2) expression in adipocytes, activates HIF1α, which in turn promotes inflammation and metabolic disorders, creating a vicious cycle of insulin resistance.