One study addressing this issue evaluated the prevalence of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (anti-GAD65) and anti-insulinoma-associated antigen-2 (anti-IA2) autoantibodies in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), normal pregnancy, and PCOS to assess whether GDM in PCOS is partially induced by autoantibodies. This evidence concerns the gene PTPRN and polycystic ovary syndrome.