TNF and polycystic ovary syndrome: Numerous studies have reported higher concentrations of inflammatory markers, including CRP, interleukin-18 (IL-18), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), white blood cell count (WBC), ferritin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), as well as elevated concentrations of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) along with an upregulation of their receptor, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), in women with PCOS [117].