TNF and tuberculosis: Tuberculosis is typically associated with type 1 immunity, characterized by intense phagocytic activity stimulated by activated type 1 helper T lymphocytes (Th1) that secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), contributing to the formation of granulomas, structures that isolate the bacilli and limit their spread.