INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Pharmacological management of T2DM typically involves oral antihyperglycemic agents such as metformin, sulfonylureas, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and exogenous insulin therapy.