TNF and neoplasm: Inflammatory cytokines, such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), together with immune-cell-recruiting chemokines, such as CXCL8 and CCL2, are upregulated in response to tobacco-related oxidative stress, promoting chronic inflammation and a tumor-supportive microenvironment [14].