These studies primarily focused on the preventive and therapeutic roles of AE in the pathogenesis of T2DM, with a particular emphasis on key regulatory factors such as inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)), adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, anti-adiponectin), and nitric oxide (NO). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.