A 2025 study by Cabrera-Perez et al. found that keratinocyte-specific alterations of IL-4R and IL-13RA1 could be seen in both CTCL and atopic dermatitis, suggesting dupilumab may unmask or spur CTCL progression by blocking IL-13 receptor, thus increasing IL-13 in the local environment [40]. Here, IL13 is linked to primary cutaneous T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.