Each tumor core was laser-ablated and stained with a panel of 33 metal-conjugated antibodies targeting surface and intracellular markers, designed to identify diverse cell types within the TME, including immune (e.g., macrophages and T cells), stromal (e.g., endothelial cells and fibroblasts), and other proteins, such as collagen type I (COL1) and Ki-67 (Supplementary Table S2). Here, MKI67 is linked to neoplasm.