CST1 and lung carcinoma: Moreover, A549 lung cancer cells exposed to μg regained epithelial characteristics—such as elevated E-cadherin and reduced N-cadherin—alongside upregulation of humoral immunity-related genes including FCGBP, BPIFB, and CST1, which may serve as immunomodulatory biomarkers or therapeutic targets in μg-associated oncology [164].