AR and prostate carcinoma: In prostate cancer, CAF-secreted C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (CCL5) increases Androgen Receptor (AR) and PD-L1 expression, promoting resistance to enzalutamide [169], and CTHRC1+ myofibroblast-like CAFs modulate Androgen Receptor signaling through the Cellular Communication Network Factor 2/caveolin-1/Androgen Receptor (CCN2/CAV1/AR) pathway, further contributing to anti-androgen resistance [170].