However, given the limited number of samples here employed, and based on previously published data showing significantly higher protein levels of TGFbeta 2, interleukin 17, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and interleukin 4 in serum from a wide cohort of patients affected by LMNA-linked muscular laminopathies [27], we suggest that the effect of the muscle environment plays a fundamental role in the pathogenetic mechanisms of EDMD, including the fibrotic process (Table 2). The gene discussed is IL4; the disease is Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy.