TNF and chronic kidney disease: Serum TNF-α, measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, showed significant reductions in the MSC-treated group among animal studies (MD = −35.53; 95% CI: −52.75 to −18.30; p < 0.0001; I2 = 95%) (Figure 2B), whereas the difference was not significant in patients with CKD enrolled in human RCTs (MD = −0.74; 95% CI: −2.20 to 0.73; p = 0.32; I2 = 91%) (Figure 2C).