COL4A3 and Nephropathy: CKD was induced using various methods, including streptozotocin (STZ) injection to induce diabetic nephropathy (DN); ureteral unilateral obstruction (UUO, injection of aristolochic acid; genetically modified COL4A3 deficiency to induce renal fibrosis; and adriamycin-, cisplatin-, or adenine-induced nephropathy, as well as nephrectomy.