The increased plasma levels of TF observed under pathological conditions such as viral infection was thought to be from elevated TF-containing MVs.45,46 Notably, previous studies found that monocytes/macrophages play a critical role in thrombosis and are thought to be the source of TF-containing MVs.12,47 In our study, we identified the first functional sTF that is shed from the membrane flTF on necroptotic monocytes/macrophages by the cell surface proteases ADAMs (Figs. 2–6). This evidence concerns the gene TF and viral infectious disease.