UFC1 and cancer: Separate depletion of UFM1, UBA5, and UFC1 by siRNA also reduced the rate of DNA replication by 2.5-fold (Fig. 1E, Right and Fig. EV1J), as did 1 h exposure to DKM 2-93 by 3.5-fold in all three cancer cell lines (Figs. 1F and EV1K,L).