CCL3 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Of note, CCL3/MIP-1α, LIX/CXCL5 and GM-CSF, pro-inflammatory cytokines known to be increased in ALS cases [[56], [57], [58]], were significantly decreased in E6-treated cells compared to PBS- or control antibody-treated cells (Fig. 9d i-iii).