NPPB and hydrops fetalis: Fortunately, recent research unveiled new potential directions for us, namely assessing the causes of congestion in HF by monitoring Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) concentrations, estimating Plasma Volume Status (ePVS), utilizing Bioimpedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) technology, and evaluating the Blood Urea Nitrogen to Creatinine Ratio (BUN/Cr), which represent different pathophysiological processes (hemodynamics, intravascular, and interstitial fluid retention) involved in congestion.40