In primary ovine fetal turbinate (OFTu) cells and human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells, ORVF infection induces autophagy, which is characterized by the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, increased LC3 lipidation and decreased SQSTM1 expression (Lan et al., 2016; Huang et al., 2022; Lv et al., 2023). Here, MAP1LC3A is linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma.