ESR1 and polycystic ovary syndrome: In contrast, the mRNA expression of ERα was significantly lower in the PCOS group compared to the control group (0.170 ± 0.027 vs. 0.686 ± 0.234, p = 0.03), and similarly, ERβ expression was also significantly reduced (0.778 ± 0.258 vs. 1.642 ± 0.433, p = 0.02) (Figure 1B).