IL33 and thromboangiitis obliterans: Notably, IL-33–driven gene programs show relative steroid resistance, glucocorticoids incompletely suppress NF-κB/MAPK outputs downstream of MyD88/IRAK/TRAF6, providing a plausible explanation for the limited efficacy of steroid-based regimens in subsets of TAO patients with elevated circulating IL-33 (23).