PDCD1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In this multicenter retrospective study, we demonstrated that postoperative adjuvant HAIC combined with lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitors (HAIC-L-P) significantly improved DFS compared to HAIC plus lenvatinib alone (HAIC-L) in patients with solitary large HCC (>5 cm), both before and after PSM (HR: 0.570; P = 0.007; Figure 2A; HR: 0.518; P = 0.018; Figure 3A).