PTGS2 and neoplasm: First, they enhance tumor cell proliferation and invasion by secreting cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), along with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade the extracellular matrix and facilitate melanoma cell dissemination (20).