BMP2 and breast carcinoma: The role of BMP-2 in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer remains controversial, with most studies indicating a pro-tumorigenic function for this molecule, which appears to be influenced by the specific breast cancer subtype and the tumor microenvironment (Buijs et al., 2012; Chapellier et al., 2015; Clement et al., 2005; Huang et al., 2017; Ihle et al., 2024; Liu et al., 2023; Pouliot & Labrie, 2002; Ye, Bokobza & Jiang, 2009).