RB1 and cancer: Additionally, targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) using a 425–580 cancer-related gene panel or WES has identified recurrent mutations in PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha), KRAS (kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog), MAP2K4 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4), RB1 (Retinoblastoma 1), KDR (kinase insert domain receptor), PKHD1 (polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1), TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase), TP53 (tumor protein p53) (Chen et al., 2024; Lei, Shi & Chen, 2023; Lin et al., 2021).