IFNG and neoplasm: The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK pathway regulates cell proliferation and survival and is frequently hyperactivated in TNBC, particularly the basal-like subtype, through copy number gains in KRAS, BRAF, and RAF1, and NF1 loss, despite the rarity of RAS mutations (38).Elevated MAPK activity is inversely correlated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density and suppresses interferon-γ (IFN-γ) signaling.