Cumulative immunomodulatory exposure increased the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women, according to a study by Kreijne et al. [7], but in the study by Tassone et al., no association was seen between the cumulative duration of use of thiopurines, anti-TNF, or other biologic agents and the development of IBD and malignancy [18]. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.