MAPK8 and tauopathy: Differences in tau phosphorylation between sexes may result from the effect of 17-β estradiol on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling.42,43 Indeed, JNK activation is higher in female tauopathy mice.44 Overall, these changes in tau phosphorylation demonstrated that craniectomy compromises neuronal homeostasis, which may result in cell death.