In IDD, dysregulation of SQSTM1 leads to impaired mitophagy, which not only exacerbates oxidative stress but also induces secondary activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome through ROS accumulation, thereby triggering chronic inflammatory responses and cell death [29,30], highlighting its pivotal role as a hub connecting autophagy, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Here, NLRP3 is linked to intervertebral disk degenerative disorder.