Collectively, these networks maintain ocular homeostasis or drive myopia pathogenesis through three convergent mechanisms: (1) Core Pathway Crosstalk: The interplay between TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, and HIF-1α pathways directly modulates scleral ECM remodeling—where hypoxia-induced HIF-1α activation promotes collagen degradation, while Wnt/TGF-β imbalances alter fibroblast proliferation. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is myopia.